![]() Usually urination color comes primarily from the presence of urobilin. Normally, urine is a transparent solution ranging from colorless to amber, but is usually a pale yellow. Urine varies in appearance, depending principally upon a body's level of hydration, interactions with drugs, compounds and pigments or dyes found in food, or diseases. A medieval chart showing the medical implications of different urine color See also: Abnormal urine color Medical experts have long connected urine colour with certain medical conditions. However, it is important to note that lesser amounts and concentrations of other compounds and ions are often present in urination of humans. Typical design values for the concentrations of constituents in fresh urine, based on data in Sweden and Switzerland : 12 Parameter However, any more than that is suggestive of illness. Organic matter, in healthy persons, also is reported to at most 1.7 times more matter than minerals. In healthy persons, urine contains very little protein and an excess is suggestive of illness, as with sugar. The daily volume and composition of urine varies per person based on the amount of physical exertion, environmental conditions, as well as water, salt, and protein intakes. Urea is the largest constituent of the solids, constituting more than 50% of the total. The total solids in urine are on average 59 g (2.1 oz) per day per person. Urine also contains proteins, hormones, and a wide range of metabolites, varying by what is introduced into the body. The remainder can be broadly characterized into inorganic salts, urea, organic compounds, and organic ammonium salts. Polyuria is a condition of excessive production of urine (> 2.5 L/day), oliguria when < 400 mL are produced, and anuria being < 100 mL per day.įurther information: Urinalysis Urine under the microscopeĪbout 91–96% of urine consists of water. Producing too much or too little urine needs medical attention. Characteristics QuantityĪverage urine production in adult humans is around 1.4 L (0.31 imp gal 0.37 US gal) of urine per person per day with a normal range of 0.6 to 2.6 L (0.13 to 0.57 imp gal 0.16 to 0.69 US gal) per person per day, produced in around 6 to 8 urinations per day depending on state of hydration, activity level, environmental factors, weight, and the individual's health. Smaller species, including rodents and bats, cannot produce steady streams of urine and instead urinate with a series of drops. Research looking at the duration of urination in a range of mammal species found that nine larger species urinated for 21 ± 13 seconds irrespective of body size. Urine flows from the kidneys through the ureter, bladder, and finally the urethra before passing from the body. The resulting urine contains high concentrations of urea and other substances, including toxins. The kidneys extract the soluble wastes from the bloodstream, as well as excess water, sugars, and a variety of other compounds. ![]() The system produces urine by a process of filtration, reabsorption, and tubular secretion. The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. In humans, soluble wastes are excreted primarily by the urinary system and, to a lesser extent in terms of urea, removed by perspiration. Most animals have excretory systems for elimination of soluble toxic wastes. Main article: Renal physiology The chemical structure of urea Livestock urine and feces also require proper management if the livestock population density is high. Human urine and feces are collectively referred to as human waste or human excreta, and are managed via sanitation systems. Historically, aged or fermented urine (known as lant) was also used for gunpowder production, household cleaning, tanning of leather and dyeing of textiles. Some animals use it to mark their territories. Therefore, urine can be used as a fertilizer. In balanced ecosystems, urine fertilizes the soil and thus helps plants to grow. Urine plays an important role in the earth's nitrogen cycle. A urinalysis can detect nitrogenous wastes of the mammalian body. These by-products are expelled from the body during urination, which is the primary method for excreting water-soluble chemicals from the body. Urination results in urine being excreted from the body through the urethra.Ĭellular metabolism generates many by-products that are rich in nitrogen and must be cleared from the bloodstream, such as urea, uric acid, and creatinine. Urine flows from the kidneys through the ureters to the urinary bladder. Urine is a liquid by-product of metabolism in humans and in many other animals. Liquid by-product of metabolism in the bodies of many animals, including humans
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